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Lingnan Modern Clinics in Surgery ›› 2019, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (06): 658-661.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2019.06.002

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Analysis of factors influencing postoperative recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and prospects for treatment decision

TIAN Huakai, ZONG Zhen   

  1. Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
  • Contact: ZONG Zhen
  • Supported by:
     

胃肠间质瘤术后复发影响因素分析及治疗决策展望

田华开, 宗振*   

  1. 南昌大学第二附属医院胃肠外科,南昌 330006
  • 通讯作者: 宗振
  • 基金资助:
    江西省卫生计生委科技计划课题

Abstract: The only possible cure for gastrointestinal stromal tumors is surgery, but the risk of recurrence or metastasis cannot be ignored. Targeted treatment based on postoperative risk assessment is the key to preventing recurrence or metastasis. There are many factors affecting the recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Tumor size, tumor location, mitotic figures and tumor rupture are considered to be independent risk factors. According to these criteria, risk assessment methods are developed, mainly including F/NIH grading standards. AFIP grading standards, improved NIH grading standards in 2008, and nomogram models. Although these assessment methods have determined prognostic risk factors and risk grades, they are not able to accurately assess the risk of postoperative recurrence and guide clinical accurate treatment. Therefore, we still need to continuously explore the independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of GIST, establish a simple and accurate clinical evaluation method, improve the probability of recurrence risk probability, better guide clinical individualized treatment, and achieve precise treatment.

 

Key words: postoperative recurrence, risk assessment, intraperitoneal fat ratio, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, risk factors

摘要:

胃肠间质瘤术后复发影响因素分析及治疗决策展望

田华开, 宗振*

[摘要] 胃肠道间质瘤唯一可能治愈的手段是外科手术,但是术后复发或转移的风险无法忽视,根据术后风险评估进行靶向治疗是预防复发或转移的关键。影响胃肠道间质瘤术后复发的因素很多,肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、核分裂像以及肿瘤破裂被认为是独立的危险因素,并根据这些因素制定有风险评估方法,主要包括F/NIH分级标准、AFIP分级标准、2008年改良的NIH分级标准以及列线图模型。虽然这些评估方法确定了预后危险因素指标和危险程度分级,但是均无法准确地评估患者术后复发风险概率,指导临床的准确治疗。因此,我们仍需不断探索影响GIST的预后独立危险因素,建立简单准确的临床评估方法,提高复发风险概率预测的准确性,更好地指导临床个体化治疗,做到精准治疗。

[关键词] 胃肠道间质瘤;术后复发;危险因素;风险评估;腹腔内脂肪比例

胃肠道间质瘤GIST是消化道最常见的软组织肉瘤,占消化道间叶性肿瘤的80%,年发病率约14.5人/百万,最常起因于KIT及PDGFRA基因突变[1-3]。GIST可起源于胃肠道的任何部位,胃是其最常见的原发部位(60%),其次是小肠(30%)[4,5]

原发局限性胃肠间质瘤可能治愈的手段是外科手术,但术后根据患者的不同情况很可能会出现局部复发或远处转移[6]。近年来,分子靶向药物的发展开创了GIST治疗的新纪元,伊马替尼,舒尼替尼等特异性抑制酪氨酸激酶的分子靶向药物已广泛应用于GIST术后辅助治疗[7]。然而,对于术后患者是否需要进行靶向治疗或者影响其复发和预后的因素存在很大争议,引起广泛学者的讨论。

因此,临床上也出现很多的胃间质瘤术后复发风险评价方法,帮助判断术后患者是否需要靶向治疗,而这些方法无法准确的评估胃间质瘤术后复发风险概率,缺乏个体化的差异风险评估,不能有效的预测疗效,阻碍临床个体化治疗的方案选择,导致过度治疗或治疗不足。我们仍需探索一个准确有效的胃间质瘤复发风险评估方法,用于临床治疗。

1 影响胃间质瘤复发和预后因素

目前外科手术切除是胃肠间质瘤的主要方法,早发现早诊断早治疗无疑能够提高患者的生存率,但影响其预后的因素很多。有研究表明,胃是其最常见的原发部位,其次是小肠,根据发病部位的不同,患者表现出不同程度的临床表现,影响患者的预后[8]。早期发现,在肿瘤较小时实行手术治疗,能够为患者带来良好的预后,肿瘤的大小是胃肠间质瘤的独立危险因素,肿瘤越大,恶性程度越高,其浸润深度及转移概率越大,严重影响患者的预后[9,10]。胃肠间质瘤充分具备肿瘤的特性,肿瘤核分裂数决定着癌细胞增殖活性及患者的预后,肿瘤核分裂数越多,肿瘤细胞活性越高,增殖越快,预后越差。有研究表明,相比较与核分裂像数≤5/50 HPF患者来说,当肿瘤核分裂像数>10/50 HPF时,患者生存率明显降低[11]。改良NIH分级认为肿瘤破裂是影响胃肠道间质瘤预后复发的重要因素[12]

影响胃肠间质瘤术后复发及预后的因素还有很多,年龄、肿瘤是否坏死、CD34和CD117基因表达、CAR(术前C反应蛋白与白蛋白比值)、术前中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值等有关[13-16]。胃肠间质瘤患者经手术切除后根据不同患者的危险因素进行分析,制定合理的治疗决策评估方法,给予后续的靶向免疫治疗,能够明显的提高患者的生存率[17,18]

2 临床治疗决策评估方法

胃间质瘤患者经过手术治疗后,是否选择靶向治疗及靶向治疗剂量与持续时间存在争议,胃间质瘤术后复发的风险仍然较高。临床上针对这个问题,也制定了各种风险评估标准,主要有三种:F/NIH分级标准、AFIP分级标准、2008年改良的NIH分级标准[19]。但是这三种评估标准均无法准确的预测GIST术后复发概率,有学者尝试用列线图模型来预测胃肠道间质瘤术后的复发风险准确概率[20-22]

2.1 F/NIH分级标准

2002年美国Fletcher等教授对胃肠道间质瘤术后复发因素进行了讨论,根据各专家对GIST预后的经验制定了NIH共识方案,称为F/NIH分级标准[23]。该标准的评价指标是肿瘤大小和核分裂像,将GIST分为极低、低、中、高危4个危险组,不再以良、恶性肿瘤区分,为胃肠道间质瘤的规范治疗及预后奠定了基础。

2.2 AFIP分级标准

2006年Miettinen等研究发现,肿瘤大小且核分裂像相同,但生长部位不同的GIST患者其预后不同,差异有统计学意义。因此,在原F/NIH分级标准的基础上增加肿瘤生长部位这一评价指标,形成AFIP分级标准,对不同生长部位的GIST采取不同的评价标准[24]

2.3 改良的NIH分级标准

近年来,分子靶向药物的发展开创了GIST治疗的新纪元,为胃肠道间质瘤术后复发风险评估提出更高的要求。随着进一步的研究,发现原发肿瘤部位与肿瘤破裂(包括自发或手术过程破裂)均为GIST独立的危险因素[25]。2008年,在原有的基础上,增加肿瘤部位和肿瘤破裂两个评价指标,即改良NIH分级标准,同时强调肿瘤破裂即为高危险组[26]

2.4 美国纪念斯隆凯特林中心列线图模型

为准确的预测胃肠道间质瘤术后复发风险概率,Josan.S.Gold等人在2009年建立了第一个评估GIST术后风险的美国纪念斯隆凯特林中心列线图模型,将肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、核分裂像这3个因素作为列线图模型的评分标准,从而得出GIST患者2年和5年的生存率[27]

3 讨论与展望

胃肠间质瘤的临床特征无特异性,根据肿瘤部位和大小的不同表现出不同的临床症状。对于原发局限性GIST,一经发现,手术切除是唯一能够治愈的方法[28]。但是根据患者肿瘤的情况,其预后不同。肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、核分裂像以及肿瘤是否破裂为胃肠道间质瘤复发的独立危险因素,而年龄、肿瘤是否坏死、CAR比值等均为影响胃肠道间质瘤的重要预后因素[29]。针对不同患者术后发生复发的风险概率,进行选择性的后续治疗,能够明显的延长患者生存率[30]

近年来,随着分子靶向药物治疗的开展,要求我们对不同的患者进行个体化的治疗。因此,如何准确地评估患者术后复发风险概率,指导患者后续治疗受到广泛关注。自2002年来,随着广大科学工作者的不断探究,制定了各种评估标准,主要包括F/NIH分级标准、AFIP分级标准、2008年改良的NIH分级标准三种[31]。虽然确定了胃肠道间质瘤术后复发危险因素及风险等级,但是不同的患者无法提供准确的复发风险概率,无法准确指导患者的治疗剂量及周期,导致治疗不足或过度治疗。为了准确地评估GIST患者术后复发风险概率,有学者尝试通过建立数学模型准确计算复发概率,包括2009年Josan.S.Gold风险列线图、2011年Rossi列线图等。列线图可以对不同的患者进行评分,最后得出患者准确的术后复发风险概率,对实现个体化的评估和预测预后有重要意义。但是不能很好地指导临床治疗,无法进行风险分级,具有一定的局限性,还需进行更多的验证和比较研究[32]。我们仍需探索一种简单有效的风险评估标准。

目前被广泛接受的评价指标为肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、核分裂像以及肿瘤破裂,确定的肿瘤大小及核分裂像的临界值是根据经验而来,是否合适还未得知;肿瘤破裂被视为高复发风险因素,是否准确合理尚无准确认证。因此,我们仍缺乏明确有效的预测因子。

肥胖与肿瘤的发生发展有着非常密切的关系,它还影响着患者的治疗决策和预后[33]。肥胖是食管癌,胰腺癌,结直肠癌,乳腺癌和肾癌等多种肿瘤发生发展的重要因素[34-36]。可是近期研究发现肥胖在GIST中却是一种保护因素[37-39]。Stiles等对手术切除GIST患者的组织病理类型和恶性程度进行分析,发现身体质量指数(BMI)大于30人群的病理类型和预后效果更好,有更低的复发转移风险[40]。有研究发现,在行减肥手术中偶发胃间质瘤的案例,并对其进行病理分期,结果显示危险分级较弱,预后效果较佳[41]

我们尝试使用腹腔内脂肪比例,即腹腔内脂肪占腹部总脂肪的百分数[腹腔内脂肪/(腹腔内+皮下脂肪)]×100%来代替BMI评估腹腔型肥胖的程度。通过腹部CT影像学手段来测量计算腹腔内脂肪的含量和比例变化,评估腹腔内脂肪比例(VFA%)对于GIST患者术后决策和预后的影响,在美国纪念斯隆凯特林中心列线图的基础上添加腹腔内脂肪比例(VFA%)这一新兴预测因素后,建立适合我们中国人群的列线图模型,并回顾性分析我们医院GIST术后患者的临床病理和影像学资料进行验证。最终结果表明VFA%<50%患者12/57复发,VFA%为50%~60%患者2/26复发,VFA%为60%~70%患者0/5复发,VFA%>70%患者0/2复发,统计结果有统计学意义(P<0.001),因此,我们认为腹腔内脂肪比例可能为GIST术后复发的独立危险因素。由于缺乏足够的长期的、无选择偏倚的大型数据研究验证,尚不足以确定腹腔内比例为GIST术后的独立危险因素,但是这将为我们提供一个思路,随着科技的发展,有效的检查手段越来越丰富,CT检查以广泛运用于GIST的术前风险评估,为指导临床治疗提供了有力的支持[42]

不断探索新的GIST预后独立危险因素,在原有的基础上,构建简单有效的评估模型,提高模型的预测能力,实现个体化的精准评估,准确指导患者术后的靶向治疗方案,为临床工作提供更好的依据是我们为之奋斗的目标。

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Analysis of factors influencing postoperative recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and prospects for treatment decision

TIAN Huakai,ZONGZhen
Department of General Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330006,China

[Abstract] The only possible cure for gastrointestinal stromal tumors is surgery,but the risk of recurrence or metastasis cannot be ignored.Targeted treatment based on postoperative risk assessment is the key to preventing recurrence or metastasis.There are many factors affecting the recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Tumor size,tumor location,mitotic figures and tumor rupture are considered to be independent risk factors.According to these criteria,risk assessment methods are developed,mainly including F/NIH grading standards.AFIP grading standards,improved NIH grading standards in 2008,and nomogram models.Although these assessment methods have determined prognostic risk factors and risk grades,they are not able to accurately assess the risk of postoperative recurrence and guide clinical accurate treatment.Therefore,we still need to continuously explore the independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of GIST,establish a simple and accurate clinical evaluation method,improve the probability of recurrence risk probability,better guide clinical individualized treatment,and achieve precise treatment.

[Key words] gastrointestinal stromal tumor;postoperative recurrence;risk factors;risk assessment;intraperitoneal fat ratio

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2019.06.002

中图分类号:R656

文献标识码:A

基金项目:江西省卫计委科技计划(20172020)

作者单位:南昌大学第二附属医院胃肠外科,南昌330006

*专家简介:宗振,博士,硕士生导师,从事胃肠外科研究。Email:ndefu16133@ncu.edu.cn

Corresponding author:ZONGZhen,ndefy16133@ncu.edu.cn

(收稿日期:2019-10-20)

关键词: 风险评估, 胃肠道间质瘤, 腹腔内脂肪比例, 术后复发, 危险因素

CLC Number: