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Lingnan Modern Clinics in Surgery ›› 2019, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (06): 662-672.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009?976X.2019.06.003

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Comparison of correlation between CD44+/CD24-/low and ALDH1+ with prognosis of early stage breast cancer

LI Fanghua, ZHANG Xiao   

  1. 1. Department of pathology, Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; 2. Department of breast surgery, Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
  • Contact: ZHANG Xiao
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CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH1+与早期乳腺癌预后相关性比较

李芳华, 张晓   

  1. 四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院 1.病理科;2. 乳腺外科,成都 611731
  • 通讯作者: 张晓
  • 基金资助:
    四川省卫生健康委普及应用项目

Abstract: Objective to compare the correlation between CD44+/CD24-/low and ALDH1+ with overall survival of early stage breast cancer. Methods 510 cases of patients undergoing surgery for early stage breast cancer from April 2007 to February 2008 in our department were retrospectively selected. Paraffin?embedded tumor specimens were collected after surgery, and the expressions of CD44, CD24 and ALDH1 were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the correlation between CD44+/CD24-/low group and ALDH1+ group with overall survival was compared. Results The proportion of CD44+/CD24-/low was 22.9%, and the proportion of ALDH1+ was 11.1%. After controlling for confounding variables in the multivariate Cox proportional risk model, there was no significant difference in the overall survival between the CD44+/CD24-/low group and the non?CD44+/CD24-/low group (HR=1.335, 95%CI:0.812-2.193, P=0.254). The overall survival of the ALDH1+ group was lower than that of the ALDH1- group (HR=1.736, 95%CI: 0.385-0.864, P=0.008). Conclusion ALDH1+ can be used as a marker of poor prognosis in early stage breast cancer, while CD44+/CD24-/low cannot be used as a marker of poor prognosis in early stage breast cancer.

 

Key words: CD44+/CD24-/low, ALDH1+, prognosis, breast cancer, stem cell

摘要:

·论著与临床研究·

CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH1+与早期乳腺癌预后相关性比较

李芳华1, 张晓2*

[摘要] 目的 比较CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH1+与早期乳腺癌预后的相关性。方法 回顾性选取我科2007年4月至2008年2月因早期乳腺癌行手术患者510例,收集其术后石蜡包埋肿瘤标本,用免疫组化检测其CD44、CD24及ALDH1的表达情况,比较CD44+/CD24-/low组及ALDH1+组同总生存的相关性。结果 CD44+/CD24-/low的比例为22.9%,ALDH1+的比例为11.1%。在多因素Cox比例风险模型控制混杂变量后,CD44+/CD24-/low组总生存同非CD44+/CD24-/low组无显著性差异(HR=1.335,95%CI:0.812-2.193,P=0.254);ALDH1+组总生存低于ALDH1-组(HR=1.736,95%CI:0.385-0.864,P=0.008)。结论 ALDH1+可作为早期乳腺癌预后不良的标志物,而CD44+/CD24-/low表型不能作为早期乳腺癌预后不良的标志物。

[关键词] 乳腺癌;干细胞;CD44+/CD24-/low;ALDH1+;预后

乳腺癌目前被认为是一种具有异质性的疾病,具有不同生物学行为以及对治疗的反应[1]。尽管患者经过手术以及化疗,放疗,靶向治疗及内分泌治疗的联合治疗,仍有三分之一的患者出现复发和远处转移。有证据表明,许多肿瘤都含有具有异质性的细胞亚群,不同亚群具有不同的生物学特性,其中一小群细胞被称为肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cell,CSC)[2]。CSC有自我更新、分化和对传统辅助治疗耐药的潜力,在乳腺癌的发生、发展和远处转移中起着至关重要的作用[3,4]

CD44+/CD24-/low表型乳腺癌细胞首先被认为具有乳腺癌干细胞(breast cancer stem cell,BCSC)特性,相比非BCSC细胞,BCSC细胞可以自我更新,成瘤性强,对传统化疗不敏感[5-7]。随后乙醛脱氢酶1阳性(ALDH1+)细胞也被鉴定为BCSC,这些细胞可以在悬浮培养中形成细胞球,并可以在NOD/SCID小鼠皮下脂肪垫中形成异质性肿瘤[8]。ALDH1+细胞的干细胞特性得到了其他研究的进一步证实[9-16]。有一些作者研究BCSC同临床预后的关系,但有关不同标志物BCSC同临床预后相关性比较的研究尚不多见。

本研究应用免疫组化方法检测510例乳腺癌样本中CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH1+两种表型细胞,并分析其与临床病理参数以及预后的相关性。

1 材料与方法

1.1 主要试剂

CD44兔抗人单克隆抗体,CD24兔抗人单克隆抗体和ALDH1A兔抗人单克隆抗体购于proteintech公司。酶标羊抗小鼠/兔IgG聚合物及DAB染色液(聚合物法)购于福州迈新生物技术开发有限公司。

1.2 病例资料

本研究经四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院伦理委员会审查并批准。收集四川省人民医院乳腺外科于2007年4月至2008年2月因早期(Ⅰ~ⅢA)乳腺癌行手术女性患者的术后石蜡标本,由术后石蜡病理证实为浸润性导管癌,术前未接受新辅助治疗。除外未正规治疗或随访信息不完整患者。收集患者临床病理资料,包含:月经状态,肿瘤大小,淋巴结状态,ER/PR,HER2,Ki-67,生存状态及生存时间。本研究共纳入510例,年龄为26~70岁,中位年龄52岁。随访方式为电话随访及门诊随访,随访时间为5~145个月,中位随访时间为68个月。

1.3 免疫组化

收集入组患者术后经4%中性甲醛固定石蜡包埋的乳腺癌肿瘤标本,连续3.5μm切片5张,2张行CD44及CD24检测,一张行ALDH1检测,一张行HE染色,一张备用。石蜡切片脱蜡、水化,自来水冲洗;根据第一抗体的要求,对组织进行相应的抗原修复;用3%过氧化氢溶液阻断组织内源性过氧化物酶,室温下孵育10 min,流水冲洗后再PBS冲洗3次,每次3分钟(3×3分钟);除去PBS,切片上滴加第一抗体,-4℃孵育过夜,PBS冲洗3×3分钟;除去PBS,切片上滴加MaxvisionTM/HRP试剂,37℃孵育30分钟,PBS冲洗 3×3 min;除去PBS,切片上滴加新鲜配制的DAB显色试剂显色;自来水冲洗终止显色,苏木素复染,切片经梯度乙醇脱水,中性树胶封固即可观察。

1.4 CD44及CD24染色结果判

CD44阳性为棕黄色,位于细胞膜,CD24阳性也为棕黄色,位于细胞质。参照Honeth G等[17]的方法,由染色细胞比例评分:<1%为0分,1%~10%为1分,10%~50%为2分,50%~75%为3分,75%~100%为4分。本文1分及以上定义为阳性,0分定义为阴性。

1.5 ALDH1染色结果判读

ALDH1+主要位于细胞质,参照Resetkova等[18]的方法,由染色细胞比例评分:0~10%为0分,10%~25%为1+,25%~50%为2+,>50%为3+,本文1+以上即为阳性,0分定义为阴性。

1.6 ER、PR、HER2及Ki-67结果判读

根据四川省人民医院病理科免疫组化报告,ER和/或PR>1%则判读为激素受体(HR)阳性;HER2免疫组化0及“+”判读为阴性,“3+”判读为阳性,“2+”则行FISH检测,若为阴性,HER2判为阴性;若为阳性,HER2则判为阳性。Ki-67>30%为高表达,0%~30%为低表达。

1.7 统计学方法

应用 R(version 3.2.5,R project for Statistical Computing,Austria)进行统计分析。计数资料采用用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率检验。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法及log-rank检验,多因素分析采用Cox比例风险回归模型。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 CD44,CD24与ALDH1表达模式

CD44主要表达于细胞膜,为棕色;而CD24及ALDH1主要表达于细胞质,为棕色,细胞核不染色(图1)。本组患者中CD44+/CD24-/low的比例为22.9%,ALDH1+的比例为11.1%。

2.2 CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH+表型同临床病理特征的相关性

CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH+分布同年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结状态、激素受体、HER2及Ki-67无显著性差异(P>0.05),而与组织级别有关(P<0.05)(表1)。

图1 CD44+/CD24-/low 和ALDH1+在乳腺癌组织中的表达 A CD44阳性,可以看到阳性细胞包膜为棕黄色(箭头所示),于肿瘤组织中成片分布;B CD24阴性,细胞膜及细胞质均未染色(箭头所示);CALDH1阳性,可以看到细胞质为棕黄色(箭头所示);D ALDH1阴性,细胞膜及细胞质均未染色(200×)

表1 4组早期乳腺癌患者的临床病理特征(n)

组别年龄<50岁≥50岁组织级别CD44+/CD24-/low(n=117)non-CD44+/CD24-/low(n=393)P ALDH1+(n=57)ALDH1-(n=453)P 0.7710.721 47 70 152 241 21 36 178 275<0.001 0.037ⅠⅡⅢ9 50 73 109 164 105 10 19 29 108 195 149 T 0.413 0.537 T1 T2 T3淋巴结N0 N1 N2激素受体Positive Negative HER2 Positive Negative Ki-67 High Low 30 66 21 96 244 53 14 32 11 112 278 63 0.056 0.98 47 53 17 141 219 33 21 30 6 167 242 44 0.061 0.946 84 33 245 148 37 20 292 161 0.555 0.276 15 102 59 334 11 46 63 390 0.991 0.564 65 51 221 173 34 23 252 201

2.3 CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH+表型与早期乳腺癌患者总生存的相关性

在Kaplan-Meier分析中,CD44+/CD24-/low组总生存同非CD44+/CD24-/low组无显著性差异(P=0.150),ALDH1+组总生存低于ALDH1-组(P=0.004)。在使用多因素Cox模型控制月经状态,肿瘤大小,淋巴结状态,ER/PR,HER2及Ki-67这些混杂因素后,结果同前类似,CD44+/CD24-/low组总生存同非CD44+/CD24-/low组无显著性差异(HR=1.335,95%CI:0.812-2.193,P=0.254)(图 2);ALDH1+组总生存低于ALDH1-组(HR=1.736,95%CI:0.385-0.864,P=0.008)(图 3)。

3 讨 论

CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH1+表型乳腺癌细胞具有更强的侵袭性,所以CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH1+可能和某些预后不良的临床病理参数相关。有很多作者对这一问题进行了研究,然而,不同研究其结论也不一致。Giatromanolaki等[19]认为 CD44+/CD24-/low同三阴性乳腺癌相关,而Ahmed等[20]分析了1 036例患者CD44及CD24的表达情况,认为CD44+/CD24-/low同组织级别,及管腔型乳腺癌相关。Abraham等[21]的研究则相反,CD44+/CD24-/low同组织级别、肿瘤大小、淋巴结状态,转移状态、肿瘤分期,月经状态、ER/PR及HER2均无关。国内作者曾妮等[22]认为CD44+/CD24-/low仅同病理类型相关,耿丹等[23]认为CD44+/CD24-/low仅同组织学分级相关。关于ALDH1+同临床病理参数的关系,Ricardo等[24]认为ALDH1+同肿瘤大小、组织学级别及三阴性乳腺癌相关;国内作者Zhong Y等[25]的研究显示ALDH1+仅同ki-67相关;徐兵河等[26]采用免疫组化法检测乳腺组织芯片85例浸润性导管癌中ALDH1的表达,发现ER阴性乳腺癌高表达ALDH1。本研究中,CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH1+均和组织级别相关,较高组织级别的患者CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH1+比例均较高,而和月经状态,肿瘤大小,淋巴结状态,ER/PR,HER2及Ki-67这些临床病理特征无关,这同其他作者的研究部分一致。

表2 CD44+/CD24-/low表型的多因素分析

HER2:人表皮受体因子2

HR(95%CI)P干细胞表型非CD44+/CD24-/low CD44+/CD24-/low年龄<50≥50组织级别ref 1.335(0.812-2.193)0.254 ref 0.870(0.587-1.289)0.483ⅠⅡⅢ肿瘤大小T1 T2 T3淋巴结N0 N1 N2激素受体阳性阴性HER2阴性阳性Ki-67 ref 2.873(2.476-3.341)4.468(3.834-5.502)ref 1.897(1.706-2.178)2.491(2.278-2.732)ref 2.089(1.971-2.254)3.475(3.263-3.717)ref 1.452(1.347-1.627)ref 2.134(1.879-2.419)0.032<0.001 0.043<0.001<0.001<0.001 0.026 0.017低 高ref 2.360(1.261-3.553)0.004

图2 CD44+/CD24-/low同早期乳腺癌预后相关性 CD44+/CD24-/low组与non-CD44+/CD24-/low组总生存没有显著性差异(HR=1.335,95%CI:0.812-2.193,P=0.254),计算采用 Cox模型,校正的协变量包含:月经状态,肿瘤大小,淋巴结状态,ER/PR,HER2及Ki-67

表3 ALDH1表型的多因素分析

HER2:人表皮受体因子2

HR(95%CI)P干细胞表型ALDH1-ALDH1+年龄<50≥50组织级别ref 1.736(1.158-2.600)0.008 ref 1.216(0.896-1.728)0.254ⅠⅡⅢ肿瘤大小T1 T2 T3淋巴结N0 N1 N2激素受体阳性阴性HER2阴性阳性Ki-67 ref 2.459(2.195-2.856)3.986(3.658-4.258)ref 1.327(1.109-1.812)1.972(1.638-2.527)ref 1.684(1.367-2.073)3.239(2.926-3.642)ref 1.836(1.474-2.385)ref 1.975(1.638-2.562)0.028 0.001 0.014 0.004 0.003<0.001 0.017 0.037低 高ref 2.071(1.639-2.546)0.009

图3 ALDH1+同早期乳腺癌预后相关性 ALDH1+组总生存优于ALDH1-组(HR=1.736,95%CI:0.385-0.864,P=0.008),计算采用Cox模型,校正的协变量包含:月经状态,肿瘤大小,淋巴结状态,ER/PR,HER2及Ki-67

有很多体外实验证实CD44+/CD24-/low表型乳腺癌细胞比非CD44+/CD24-/low表型乳腺癌细胞具有更强的侵袭性及成瘤性。2003年Al-Hajj等[5]首次证实CD44+/CD24-/low乳腺癌细胞具有CSC特性。这些细胞可以自我更新,在NOD/SCID小鼠皮下脂肪垫中形成表型异质性的肿瘤,而非CD44+/CD24-/low细胞则不能形成肿瘤。随后Ponti等[6]通过证实了CD44+/CD24-/low乳腺癌细胞的干细胞特性,这些细胞有更强的自我复制能力及侵袭能力。从这些体外实验可以推断CD44+/CD24-/low乳腺癌细胞同临床预后不良相关。然而,由于体外实验的实验条件和人体内不一致,所以其结论不能直接用于临床实践。很多作者研究CD44+/CD24-/low是否可作为乳腺癌临床预后不良的标志物,不同研究得到的结论不完全一致。Abraham等[21]研究136例石蜡包埋的乳腺癌标本,利用免疫组化双染检测CD44及CD24的表达情况,将所有患者分为CD44+/CD24-/low>10%(14例)及 CD44+/CD24-/low≤10%(122例)两组。平均随访85.4个月,两组患者EFS及OS 无显著差异。Giatromanolaki等[19]用免疫组化检测139例石蜡包埋乳腺癌标本的CD44及CD24表达情况,随访6~238个月(中位随访107个月)发现,CD44+/CD24-/low表型患者同三阴性乳腺癌相关且OS更差。Ahmed等[20]于2012年进行了较大样本的研究,收集了1036例患者的石蜡包埋乳腺癌样本,用免疫组化检测CD44及CD24的表达情况,将所有患者分成 CD44+/CD24-、CD44+/CD24+、CD44-/CD24-及CD44-/CD24+四组。所有患者的中位OS为130个月(4-247个月),中位EFS为110个月(2-247个月),四组患者中CD44-/CD24+组预后最差,而CD44+/CD24-组预后最好。国内学者曾妮等[22]将203例乳腺癌患者利用免疫组化检测比较CD44+/CD24-/low及non-CD44+/CD24-/low组患者预后,发现两组患者的2年DFS无显著性差异。以上研究结果不一致,可能与样本量、患者入选标准、检测方法、CD44+/CD24-/low表型的定义、随访时间长短及观察终点指标有关。本研究中,CD44+/CD24-/low及CD44+/CD24-/low组患者OS没有显著性差异,这和 Abraham[21]、曾妮[22]等的结论一致。

2007 年,Ginestier等[8]提出乳腺癌 ALDH1+细胞具有CSC特征,可在NOD/SCID小鼠皮下脂肪垫中形成具有异质性的肿瘤,而ALDH1-细胞则不能。随后又有另外的研究证实了ALDH1+乳腺癌细胞的干细胞特性[9,10]。ALDH1+乳腺癌细胞不仅具有较强的成瘤性,而且还对化疗药物耐药[27]。Tanei等[28]通过比较新辅助化疗前后的ALDH1表达,提示ALDH1+细胞同化疗药物耐药相关。ALDH1+乳腺癌细胞较强的成瘤特性及对化疗的耐药性可能导致较差的临床预后。关于ALDH1+同乳腺癌预后的关系也有作者进行研究。Ginestier等[8]分析477例乳腺癌患者的5年生存率,发现ALDH1+患者相比 ALDH1-患者较差(P<0.05),经过Cox模型校正其他的混杂因素后,ALDH1+仍是独立预后不良因子(HR=1.76,95%CI:1.06-2.9,P=0.028)。但该研究Cox模型纳入的协变量较少,其结果可能受一些混杂因素影响。Zhong Y等[29]通过免疫组化检测147例石蜡包埋的浸润性导管癌标本,在经过多因素Cox模型校正其他混杂因素后,结果显示ALDH1+患者具有更差的无复发生 存(recurrence-free survival,RFS)(HR=11.399,95%CI:3.776-34.414,P=0.001)及无转 移 生 存(metasitasis-free survival,MFS)(HR=3.562,95%CI:1.790-7.091,P=0.001)。也有研究得出不同的结论。Morimoto等[30]分析203例原发性乳腺癌,通过多因素Cox模型校正月经状态、肿瘤大小、组织分级、脉管浸润、淋巴结转移、ER、PR、HER2、Ki67及拓扑异构酶2A后,ALDH1+同ALDH1-患者的RFS没有统计学差异(HR=1.516,95%CI:0.504-4.559,P=0.459)。本研究中,相对 ALDH1-患者,ALDH1+患者预后更差。这和 Ginestier[8]和 Zhong Y[29]的结论一致。

CD44+/CD24-/low及ALDH1+表型乳腺癌细胞均被认为乳腺癌干细胞,但是两种细胞特性有所不同。陈杰等[31]比较了 CD44+/CD24-/low及 ALDH1+表型乳腺癌细胞的干细胞特性,结果显示ALDH1+表型乳腺癌细胞具有更强的侵袭性及成瘤能力。也有研究表明ALDH1+乳腺癌细胞具有耐药性,而CD44+/CD24-/low乳腺癌细胞则没有表现出明显的耐药性[28]。在与临床预后相关性方面,更多的研究提示CD44+/CD24-/low表型不能作为乳腺癌预后不良的标志物,而ALDH1+患者预后更差。这些证据提示ALDH1+表型乳腺癌细胞可能比CD44+/CD24-/low表型乳腺癌细胞更具有干细胞特性,其在乳腺癌的发生发展中起着更为重要的作用。

综上所述,ALDH1+组相比ALDH1-组总生存更差,而CD44+/CD24-/low组和非CD44+/CD24-/low组总生存无显著性差异。

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Comparison of correlation between CD44+/CD24-/low and ALDH1+with prognosis of early stage breast cancer

LIFanghua1,ZHANGXiao2
1.Department of pathology,Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu 611731,China;2.Department of breast surgery,Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu 611731,China

[Abstract] Objective to compare the correlation between CD44+/CD24-/low and ALDH1+with overall survival of early stage breast cancer.Methods 510 cases of patients undergoing surgery for early stage breast cancer from April 2007 to February 2008 in our department were retrospectively selected.Paraffinembedded tumor specimens were collected after surgery,and the expressions of CD44,CD24 and ALDH1 were detected by immunohistochemistry,and the correlation between CD44+/CD24-/low group and ALDH1+group with overall survival was compared.Results The proportion of CD44+/CD24-/low was 22.9%,and the proportion of ALDH1+was 11.1%.After controlling for confounding variables in the multivariate Cox proportional risk model,there was no significant difference in the overall survival between the CD44+/CD24-/low group and the non-CD44+/CD24-/low group(HR=1.335,95%CI:0.812-2.193,P=0.254).The overall survival of the ALDH1+group was lower than that of the ALDH1-group(HR=1.736,95%CI:0.385-0.864,P=0.008).Conclusion ALDH1+can be used as a marker of poor prognosis in early stage breast cancer,while CD44+/CD24-/low cannot be used as a marker of poor prognosis in early stage breast cancer.

[Key words] breast cancer;stem cell;CD44+/CD24-/low;ALDH1+;prognosis

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2019.06.003

中图分类号:R737.9

文献标识码:A

基金项目:四川省卫生健康委普及应用项目(16PJ477)

作者单位:四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院1.病理科;2.乳腺外科,成都611731

*通讯作者:张晓,Email:bcacademic@163.com

Corresponding author:ZHANGXiao,bcacademic@163.com

(收稿日期:2019-10-10)

关键词: 乳腺癌, CD44+/CD24-/low, 预后, 干细胞, ALDH1+

CLC Number: