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Lingnan Modern Clinics in Surgery ›› 2019, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (06): 763-766.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2019.06.027

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Progress in the application of circulating tumor cells in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer

  

  1. 1. Department of Breast Diseases Center; 2. Department of pathology, Women and Children Hospital of Guangdong, Guangzhou 511400, China
  • Contact: YAN Shanshan

循环肿瘤细胞在乳腺癌新辅助化疗中的应用进展

  

  1. 广东省妇幼保健院 1.乳腺疾病防治中心;2.病理科,广州511400
  • 通讯作者: 严珊珊

Abstract: Pathologic complete response (pCR) is an indicator of survival benefit in patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, and serves as a surrogate endpoint for accelerating the approval of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, there are currently common methods for evaluating the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, such as clinical palpation and imaging (mammography, mammography, mammography, etc.), so it is necessary to look for new biological indicators to predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Efficacy and prognosis can be used as a reference for the next step of accurate treatment. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) is a tumor cell that detaches from the primary tumor tissue into the blood circulation and is a new type of “liquid biopsy” tumor biomarker. At present, CTC can replace tissue samples by non?invasive methods for pathological diagnosis, disease monitoring, molecular sequencing, etc., which can be used for dynamic monitoring and prognosis. Using CTC to establish a personalized cancer treatment program is an important and reliable way to achieve accurate treatment of breast cancer. This article reviews the progress in the application of circulating tumor cells in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Key words: neoadjuvant chemotherapy, breast cancer, circulating tumor cells

摘要:

·综 述·

循环肿瘤细胞在乳腺癌新辅助化疗中的应用进展

王永南1, 严珊珊2*

[摘要] 病理学完全缓解(pCR)是乳腺癌新辅助化疗患者生存获益的指标,并作为加速新辅助化疗药物审批的替代终点指标。但目前常见评估新辅助化疗疗效的方法,如临床触诊和影像学(乳腺超声、乳腺X线摄片、乳腺MRI等)存在局限性,因此寻找新的生物学指标预测乳腺癌新辅助化疗的疗效及预后以便于为下一步的精准治疗提供参考依据。循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)是一种由原发肿瘤组织脱落入血循环的肿瘤细胞,是一种新型的“液体活检”的肿瘤生物标记物。目前CTC可以通过无创方式替代组织样本进行病理诊断、疾病监测、分子测序等,不仅可以动态监测,还可以用于判断预后。利用CTC建立个性化癌症治疗方案,是实现乳腺癌精准治疗重要而可靠的途径。本文综述循环肿瘤细胞在乳腺癌新辅助化疗的应用进展。

[关键词] 乳腺癌;新辅助化疗;循环肿瘤细胞

国外研究显示,大约30%乳腺癌患者接受新辅助化疗(Neoadjuvant or primary chemotherapy,NAC)[1]。乳腺癌新辅助化疗可以降低肿瘤分期,增加根治甚至保留乳房手术的机会;杀灭亚临床播散病灶,降低全身微转移及局部复发;能有效的评估肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感程度,指导术后辅助化疗。

病理是评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的最佳手段,病理学完全缓解(pathologic complete response,pCR)指乳腺病灶和腋窝淋巴结所有切片均无浸润性癌残留,可见残留的导管内癌成分,新辅助化疗后达pCR的患者的预后优于未达pCR的患者的预后[2,3]。NSABP B-18 提示 pCR 患者 5年的 DFS为 85.7%[2],JAMA Oncology中报道了一项大型回顾性临床研究显示新辅助化疗后乳腺病灶和腋淋巴结达pCR的患者10年总生存(overallsurvival,OS)为90%[4],可见乳腺癌新辅助化疗后达pCR的患者预后良好。2012年美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)认为pCR是乳腺癌新辅助化疗患者生存获益的指标,并将pCR作为加速新辅助化疗药物审批的替代终点指标[5]。因新辅助化疗后非pCR乳腺癌患者的预后较差,目前国际上对此类病人进行后续强化治疗,CREATE-X和KATHERINE研究结果证实,新辅助化疗后非pCR的三阴性乳腺癌或Her-2乳腺癌患者术后给予卡培他滨或T-DM1(一种新型抗体-药物偶联物)强化辅助治疗可改善三阴性乳腺癌或Her-2乳腺癌患者的预后[6,7]。2019年中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,CSCO)指南和美国NCCN指南建议对于非pCR的三阴性乳腺癌和Her-2阳性乳腺癌患者术后于强化辅助治疗。故需寻找新的生物学指标预测乳腺癌新辅助化疗的疗效及预后以便于为下一步的精准治疗提供参考依据。

1 评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的方法

临床触诊和影像学(乳腺超声、乳腺X线摄片、乳腺MRI等)是目前早期评估和预测乳腺癌新辅助化疗的疗效常见的方法。研究显示在乳腺癌新辅助化疗2周期后经临床触诊评估为临床完全缓解率(clinical complete response,cCR)为9.8%而术后病理缓解率仅为6.7%;经影像学评估临床疗效达cCR的患者有18.2%~20.6%,但实际上手术后病理完全缓解率达 29.0%~38.4%[2,8],经影像学评估临床疗效达无效(SD+PD)的患者有22.9%,但术后病理学评估无效的达39%[3]。可见临床触诊和影像学在早期评估和预测乳腺癌新辅助化疗的疗效仍存在一定的局限性。还有一些研究通过新辅助化疗前后乳腺癌病灶穿刺组织的免疫组化指标如Ki-67等表达水平变化来预测新辅助化疗后的疗效,研究显示新辅助治疗后病灶穿刺的Ki-67表达变化可能与新辅助化疗疗效相关[9];另一些研究尝试在新辅助后通过真空辅助旋切活检乳腺癌病灶组织活检来直接通过病理学评估新辅助化疗的疗效[10]。但是检测Ki-67的方法没有规范化的标准以及这些方法是有创的,限制临床上广泛推广。所以,目前需要无创的、更为精准的预测乳腺癌新辅助化疗后的病理完全缓解率的技术和指标。

2 液体活检在乳腺癌中的应用

目前无论是乳腺癌确诊还是分子分型指导下的个体化治疗,均需要组织标本。但是肿瘤组织取材具有明显局限性:①不能动态监测肿瘤状况;②肿瘤异质性使得活检结果存在偏倚;③创伤性造成取材困难[11]。而液体活检主要是以患者的体液作为肿瘤活检的样本,捕捉和检测的对象包括体液中的循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)、循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)和外泌体(Exosome)。与标准的组织活检相比,液体活检具有以下优势:创伤小、样本容易获取、可重复性、实时判断疗效、动态调整治疗决策等。2016年美国临床肿瘤学会年会(ASCO)上给出的数据结果显示,液体活检和传统组织活检的一致性良好(摘要号LBA1501,6月7日报告)。

3 循环肿瘤细胞在乳腺癌中的应用

循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTC)是一种由原发肿瘤组织脱落入血循环的肿瘤细胞,在外周血中存活的CTC数量很少,通常为1~102/ml[12]。以CTC技术为代表的“液体活检”是一种新型的肿瘤生物标记物。2014年Lancet Oncology发表研究显示20个临床试验纳入1944例转移性乳腺癌患者,治疗前用CellSearch方法进行了CTC计数,911位患者治疗前CTC计数超过了5个/7.5 mL。与CTC计数低于5个/7.5 mL的患者相比,治疗前计数水平高的患者无进展生存期和总生存期更短[13]。SWOG S0500试验显示大约75%的转移性乳腺癌患者血液中可以检测到循环肿瘤细胞,转移性乳腺癌患者在一线化疗后大约50%出现血液中CTC计数上升,CTC计数升高提示预后不佳,疾病进展快。但立刻更换不同的化疗方案不会提高患者的总生存期或减缓疾病的进展[14]。我国江泽飞教授的一项项多中心、双盲、前瞻性临床研究针对中国转移性乳腺癌(MBC)女性患者,研究发现基线CTC数目仍是晚期乳腺癌预后的独立因素,该研究表明对于中国转移性乳腺癌患者,CTC计数可提供较为确切的预后信息[15]

2010年美国癌症联合委员会AJCC制定的《肿瘤分期指南》(《Cancer Staging Manuel》)第七版中,首次把CTC列入TNM分期系统,作为一个新的M分期(远端转移)标准,列为cM0(i+)分期,cM0(i+)分期定义为:无任何转移性临床症状或体征,无远处转移的临床或影像学证据,但通过分子检测或显微镜检,在循环血液、骨髓或其他非区域淋巴结组织中发现肿瘤细胞或≤0.2 mm的微小转移灶。2017年AJCC第八版更新时,CTC已正式进入肿瘤分期系统中,指南还将CTC列为继ER/PR、Her-2、Ki-67和肿瘤组织学分级四项生物学指标之后的又一项乳腺癌预后评估工具;指南还认为晚期乳腺癌外周血CTC≥5个/7.5 mL,早期乳腺癌外周血CTC≥1个/7.5 mL提示预后不良。2017年乳腺癌NCCN指南引入CTCcM0(i+)分期,进一步完善肿瘤分期系统。2019年NCCN指南进一步指出在转移性乳腺癌中若一线化疗后CTC数量持续增加,则预示着具有较差的无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS)。2019年中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)乳腺癌年会上公布了《2019 CSCO乳腺癌诊疗指南》,首次将循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)写入中国指南,并明确提到:“CTC是指从恶性肿瘤原发部位脱落,通过血管或淋巴系统进入血液循环的细胞,它能够反映肿瘤组织的情况,也可以用无创方式替代组织样本进行病理诊断、疾病监测、分子测序等,不仅可以动态监测,还可以用于判断预后”。利用CTC建立个性化癌症治疗方案,是实现乳腺癌精准治疗重要而可靠的途径[16]

4 循环肿瘤细胞在乳腺癌新辅助化疗中的应用

德国Rack团队研究检测了2026例新辅助治疗前以及1429例新辅助治疗后的患者标本,以≥1个CTC/7.5 mL外周血为阳性标准,结果为435例(21.5%)新辅助治疗前的患者呈CTC阳性,330例(22.1%)新辅助治疗后患者呈CTC阳性。相关性分析显示,基线CTC阳性与更差的预后有关,进一步多因素分析证实基线CTC状态是DFS和OS的独立预测因素[17]。2012年Lancet发表的一篇研究显示在302例早期乳腺癌(Ⅰ~Ⅲ期)中采用CellSearch检测CTC,CTC检出率为24%,中位随访35个月,结果显示:检出CTC预示无进展生存率、总生存率下降,早期复发率上升;在检出CTC的患者中,15%(11/73)出现复发;未检出CTC的患者的复发率为3%(7/229)。在随访2年后,无CTC的患者的无进展生存率为98%,有≥1个CTC的患者为87%[18]。该研究预示对早期乳腺癌患者检测循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)或许能预测复发和生存的概率,并有助于确定哪些患者可能需要额外治疗。BEVERLY-1和BEVERLY-2研究纳入152例非转移性T4d局部晚期乳腺癌患者,用CellSearch分析系统检测患者血液中的CTC,新辅助化疗前39%患者血液中检测到CTC≥1/7.5 mL,4周期新辅助化疗后仅有9%的患者血液可检测到CTC。中位随访43个月,基线检出CTC(≥1 CTC/7.5 mL)与更短的3年无病生存率相关(39%[可检出]vs 70%[不可检出])。该研究显示,检出CTC在接受新辅助化疗的局部晚期乳腺癌患者生存中具有较强的预后价值,新辅助治疗后达到pCR且基线无CTC检出的局部晚期乳癌患者,3年OS生存率极佳(94%),提示CTC计数可成为乳腺癌预后研究的一项分层因素[19]

CTCS能否预测新辅助化疗疗效的研究并且较少且结论存在争议[20,21]。Azim等学者发可检测的CTC的HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者中观察到pCR发生率的数值降低[22];而法国研究者Bidard等研究收集了1 574例新辅助化疗前及1 200例手术前的早期乳腺癌患者数据,25.2%的新辅助化疗前患者可检测出1个或多个CTC,CTC计数对pCR无影响[23]

5 前 景

目前大部分检测CTC的技术是基于Cellsearch系统,Cellsearch系统的一般抽取7.5 mL外周静脉血检测CTC,早期乳腺癌的CTC检出率较低,约为21%~24%[17-19]。Cellsearch系统较低的CTC检出率限制了CTC在早期乳腺癌领域的进一步研究。CellCollector循环肿瘤细胞采集器通过留置针将CellCollector置于肘部静脉血管内30分钟,过滤大量患者血液来收集CTC,特异性捕获CTC,利用免疫荧光染色进行CTC鉴定,可同时进行蛋白水平肿瘤特异性标志物检测及基因水平检测,从而克服目前检测CTCS的技术瓶颈。Tobias M等人通过对比CellCollector技术和CellSearch技术检测84例肺癌病人外周静脉血的循环肿瘤细胞,发现CellCollector第一次使用检出率63%,第二次使用检出率60%;而CellSearch检出率为27%[24]。李建斌等人用CellCollector检测转移性乳腺癌的CTC,发现其灵敏度 74.8%,特异性 100%[25],可见 CellCollector技术检测患者外周静脉血的循环肿瘤细胞具有检出率高、纯度高检测分析等优点。

鉴于CTC检测技术的进步,有利于进一步提高CTC的检出率和提高CTC的纯度以及下游检测。因此,CTC应用于乳腺癌新辅助化疗仍需进一步研究。

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Progress in the application of circulating tumor cells in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer

WANGYongnan1,YANShanshan2
1.Department of Breast Diseases Center;2.Department of pathology,Women and Children Hospital of Guangdong,Guangzhou 511400,China

[Abstract] Pathologic complete response(pCR)is an indicator of survival benefit in patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer,and serves as a surrogate endpoint for accelerating the approval of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.However,there are currently common methods for evaluating the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy,such as clinical palpation and imaging(mammography,mammography,mammography,etc.),so it is necessary to look for new biological indicators to predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.Efficacy and prognosis can be used as a reference for the next step of accurate treatment.Circulating tumor cells(CTC)is a tumor cell that detaches from the primary tumor tissue into the blood circulation and is a new type of“liquid biopsy”tumor biomarker.At present,CTC can replace tissue samples by non-invasive methods for pathological diagnosis,disease monitoring,molecular sequencing,etc.,which can be used for dynamic monitoring and prognosis.Using CTC to establish a personalized cancer treatment program is an important and reliable way to achieve accurate treatment of breast cancer.This article reviews the progress in the application of circulating tumor cells in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

[Key words] breast cancer;neoadjuvant chemotherapy;circulating tumor cells

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2019.06.027

中图分类号:R737.9

文献标识码:A

作者单位:广东省妇幼保健院1.乳腺疾病防治中心;2.病理科,广州511400

*通讯作者:严珊珊,E-mail:yanshanshan2009@163.com

Corresponding author:YAN Shanshan,Yanshanshan@163.com

(收稿日期:2019-09-03)

关键词: 乳腺癌, 新辅助化疗, 循环肿瘤细胞

CLC Number: