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岭南现代临床外科 ›› 2020, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (01): 93-97.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2020.01.021

• 论著与临床研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

支撑喉镜声门区暴露困难影响因素的logistics分析

  

  1. 梅州市人民医院耳鼻咽喉一科,广东梅州 514031
  • 通讯作者: 叶远航

Logistic Analysis of Influencing Factors of Glottic Exposure Difficulty in Support Laryngoscope

  1. Department of Otolaryngology, Meizhou People??s Hospital, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong 514031, China
  • Online:2020-02-20 Published:2020-04-20
  • Contact: YE Yuan-hang

摘要:

支撑喉镜声门区暴露困难影响因素的logistics分析

程景炜, 叶远航*, 吴伟军, 曾艳玲

[摘要] 目的 探讨支撑喉镜声门区暴露困难的影响因素。方法 选取2017年5月~2018年10月医院收治的210例在支撑喉镜下行喉部手术患者作为受试对象,根据术中声门区暴露情况分为非声门区暴露困难组(113例),声门区暴露困难组(97例)。术前收集患者性别、年龄、体质指数(BMI)、颈围、改良Mallampati分级、下颌骨甲状软骨间夹角(TMA)、张口度、颈部屈伸度、舌颏距(HMD)、胸颏距(SMD)、甲颏距(TMD)、垂直甲颏距(VTMD)、水平甲颏距(HTMD)等资料,采用Logistics回归分析声门区暴露困难的影响因素。结果 单因素分析中性别(χ2=0.485,P>0.05)、改良 Mallampati分级(χ2=2.751,P>0.05)、年龄(t=1.723,P>0.05)、BMI(t=1.508,P>0.05)、SMD(t=1.926,P>0.05)均与术中声门区暴露困难无关(P>0.05),颈围(t=4.172,P<0.001)、TMA(t=8.444,P<0.001)、张口度(t=2.635,P=0.009)、颈部屈伸度(t=4.261,P<0.001)、HMD(t=2.471,P=0.014)、TMD(t=8.488,P<0.001)、VTMD(t=4.683,P<0.001)、HTMD(t=2.724,P=0.007)均与术中声门区暴露困难有关(P<0.05).Logistic多因素分析显示,TMA(OR=6.393,95%CI=2.158~18.941,P<0.001)、颈部屈伸度(OR=4.243,95%CI=1.754~10.266,P<0.001)与TMD(OR=4.533,95%CI=1.349~15.234,P=0.002)均是影响术中声门区暴露困难的危险因子。采用ROC曲线研究3个独立危险指标(TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD)的诊断价值提示,TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD的AUC(曲线下面积)均>0.7,TMA≤117°、TMD≤6.5cm及颈部曲伸度≤100.5°被预测为声门区暴露困难,其预测灵敏度分别为88.5%、87.6%、66.4%,特异度分别为57.7%、55.7%、71.1%。结论 支撑喉镜术前测量患者TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD值,可在一定程度上预测术中声门区暴露难易程度,以制定最佳手术方案,提高手术质量。

[关键词] 支撑喉镜;声门;相关因素;Mallampati分级

近年来,随着喉内显微技术的快速发展,支撑喉镜下处理患者喉部病变已成为常用手段,虽然其具有操作简单、术后并发症少等优势,但仍有部分患者因术中声门区病变暴露困难而影响手术效果,甚至导致手术无法进行。因此,支撑喉镜下行喉部手术前分析患者声门暴露程度对手术顺利进行至关重要。由于患者头颈部解剖结构各有不同,术中声门区暴露情况也有所不同[1]。因此,本研究通过收集210例在支撑喉镜下行喉部手术患者临床资料,并分析其与声门区暴露情况关系,以确保患者手术顺利完成。详细结果如下。

1 资料和方法

1.1 研究对象

选取2017年5月~2018年10月医院收治的210例在支撑喉镜下行喉部手术患者作为受试对象。入选标准:①年龄>18周岁;②均自愿加入本研究;③无颈部肿瘤放疗、颈部手术和创伤史者。排除标准:①有严重颈部感染及颈部活动受限者;②有沟通障碍者;③颞颌关节紊乱、口腔或下颌骨畸形患者;④妊娠或哺乳期女性。210例患者中有男性77例,女性133例;年龄21~71岁,平均年龄(46.83±14.07)岁;声带息肉104例,声带囊肿38例,声带结节53例,声带任克氏水肿15例。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 资料收集 在支撑喉镜下行喉部手术前,收集所有受试者临床资料,并建立数据库,对可能影响术中声门区暴露困难的因素进行详细记录。影响因素主要有以下几方面:性别、年龄、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、颈围、改良 Mallampati分级、下颌骨甲状软骨间夹角(thyroid-mandible an-gel,TMA)、张口度、颈部屈伸度、舌颏距(hyoid-mental distance,HMD)、胸颏距(sternum-mental dis-tance,SMD)、甲 颏 距(thyroid-mental distance,TMD)、垂直甲颏距(vertical thyroid-mental dis-tance,VTMD)、水平甲颏距(horizontal thyroid-men-tal distance,HTMD)。颈围:一般是测量喉结节点的颈部水平周长。改良Mallampati分级情况[2]:患者蹲坐,受试者伸舌至自身最大限度,按检查医师观察到咽部结构情况进行分级,可观察到咽腭弓、软腭及悬雍垂,即为1级;可观察到咽腭弓、软腭,但悬雍垂仅部分可见,即为2级;仅可观察到软腭,即为3级;未观察到软腭,即为4级。张口度:受试者最大张口时上下门齿间距离。HMD[3]:即舌骨至下颌骨颏隆凸距离;SMD[3]:即胸骨上窝至颏隆凸的距离;TMD[3]:即甲状软骨上切迹与下颌骨颏隆凸距离;VTMD[3]:即甲状软骨上切迹与颏隆凸的垂直距离;HTMD[3]:即甲状软骨上切迹与颏隆凸的水平距离。TMA[4]:指后仰位时下颌骨下缘与经甲状软骨切迹的颈部皮肤轮廓线之间的夹角。颈部屈伸度(Wilson法)[5]:使患者头部后仰至最大限度后,再嘱患者做最大限度屈颈,头颈屈伸度为此时头颈部活动角度。

1.2.2 手术方法 受试者取仰卧位后,行气管插管静脉复合全身麻醉,当肌肉处于完全松弛状态时,在支撑喉镜下观察术中声门区暴露程度,所有受试者手术均由同组经验丰富医师完成。本研究受试者均采用由桐庐南宇医疗器械厂生产的支撑喉镜(ZC型号)进行手术,避免因支撑喉镜因素影响声门区暴露程度。

1.2.3 术中声门区暴露分级 采用Cormack-Le-hane分级方法[6]:支撑喉镜下声门区可完全暴露,即为1级;支撑喉镜下仅暴露声门后联合,前联合在助手帮助下可窥及,即为2级;支撑喉镜下仅暴露会厌,前联合未窥及,即为3级;支撑喉镜下未暴露任何喉部结构,即为4级。本研究将1级、2级作为非声门区暴露困难组(113例),3级、4级作为声门区暴露困难组(97例)[3,7]

1.3 统计学方法

所有受试者数据均采用SPSS 18.0处理,计数资料采用%描述,行χ2检验;计量资料采用x±s描述,行t检验;术中声门区暴露困难的多因素分析采用Logistic回归分析;采用ROC曲线分析独立危险因素指标对声门区暴露困难的诊断效能,均以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 术中声门区暴露分级情况

由表1可以看出,210例患者中有51例声门区可完全暴露;62例声门区后联合可清晰窥及,而前联合需经压喉后才能窥及;70例术中仅暴露会厌;27例支撑喉镜下未窥及声门区任何结构。

表1 210例患者术中声门区暴露分级情况[n(%)]

组别非声门区暴露困难组1级2级声门区暴露困难组3级4级例数 男性 女性51 62 22(43.1)30(48.4)29(56.9)32(51.6)70 27 26(37.1)14(51.9)44(62.9)13(48.1)

2.2 影响术中声门区暴露困难的logistics单因素分析

由表2单因素分析结果可知,性别、改良Mal-lampati分级、年龄、BMI、SMD均与术中声门区暴露困难无关(P>0.05),颈围、TMA、张口度、颈部屈伸度、HMD、TMD、VTMD、HTMD均与术中声门区暴露困难有关(P<0.05)。

表2 影响术中声门区暴露困难的logistics单因素分析

项目性别/例(%)非声门区暴露困难组(n=113)声门区暴露困难组(n=97) χ2/t P男女52(46.02)61(53.98)40(41.24)57(58.76)0.4850.486改良Mallampati分级/例(%)1级、2级3级、4级年龄/岁BMI/kg·m-2颈围/cm TMA/°张口度/cm颈部屈伸度/°HMD/cm SMD/cm TMD/cm VTMD/cm HTMD/cm 36(31.86)77(68.14)45.16±13.95 23.59±2.65 36.57±5.13 123.62±8.15 4.13±0.98 102.37±9.1 4.95±0.91 14.03±2.15 7.45±1.28 5.05±0.90 5.99±1.02 21(21.65)76(78.35)48.73±16.07 24.18±3.02 39.85±6.26 114.57±7.24 3.81±0.74 97.56±6.89 4.68±0.62 13.49±1.87 6.12±0.93 4.49±0.82 5.65±0.74 2.751 1.723 1.508 4.172 8.444 2.635 4.261 2.471 1.926 8.488 4.683 2.724 0.097 0.086 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.014 0.055 0.000 0.000 0.007

2.3 影响术中声门区暴露困难的logistics多因素分析

为排除上述各因素之间的相互影响,将单因素分析中有统计学意义及专业上有意义的变量(颈围、TMA、张口度、颈部屈伸度、HMD、TMD、VTMD、HTMD)纳入多因素logistic回归分析。由表3回归分析结果可知,TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD均是影响术中声门区暴露困难的独立危险因素(P<0.05),而颈围、张口度、HMD、VTMD、HTMD尚不能作为影响支撑喉镜声门暴露的独立因素,颈围、张口度、HMD、VTMD、HTMD与声门区的暴露独立相关。行Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果为:χ2=8.012,P=0.432,即无统计学意义,说明数据拟合较好,即该logistic回归的拟合优度较好。

2.4 独立危险因素的诊断效能分析

根据多因素logistic回归分析结果,采用ROC曲线研究3个独立危险指标(TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD)的诊断价值,以期望能在术前根据相关指标进行声门区暴露困难的预测。研究结果表明,TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD的AUC(曲线下面积)均>0.7,根据ROC曲线对应的坐标点,结合最大约登指数,找出最佳分割点。结果显示,TMA对应的分割点位置为117°,即≤117°被预测为声门区暴露困难,预测灵敏度为88.5%,特异度为57.7%。TMD对应的分割点位置为6.5,即6.5被预测为声门区暴露困难,预测灵敏度为87.6%,特异度为55.7%;颈部曲伸度对应的分割点位置为100.5°,即100.5°被预测为声门区暴露困难,预测灵敏度为66.4%,特异度为71.1%。结果见表4。

表3 影响术中声门区暴露困难的logistics多因素分析结果

变量TMA颈部屈伸度TMD颈围张口度HMD VTMD HTMD SMD β P 1.855 1.445 1.511-0.27 0.383 0.202 0.348 0.275 0.038 SE 0.498 0.372 0.417 0.174 0.263 0.256 0.19 0.184 0.188 wald 13.875 15.089 13.130 2.416 2.134 0.62 3.35 2.237 0.042 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.120 0.144 0.431 0.067 0.135 0.838 OR 6.393 4.243 4.533 0.764 1.467 1.223 1.416 1.316 1.039 95%CI 2.158~18.941 1.754~10.266 1.349~15.234 0.543~1.073 0.877~2.455 0.741~2.02 0.976~2.055 0.918~1.887 0.719~1.502

表4 ROC曲线分析结果及灵敏度、特异度

指标TMA/°TMD颈部曲伸度/°AUC 0.791 0.758 0.733 P<0.001<0.001<0.001 95%CI 0.731~0.852 0.692~0.823 0.666~0.800 cut-point 117 6.5 100.5灵敏度(%)88.5 87.6 66.4特异度(%)57.7 55.7 71.1

图1 TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD作为诊断指标的ROC曲线

3 讨论

随着显微技术的广泛应用,声带良性病变及部分癌前病变患者多采用经口支撑喉镜手术进行治疗[8,9]。声带息肉、声带白斑及声带囊肿等声带疾病是耳鼻喉科常见病,其患病率呈上升趋势,已严重影响患者正常生活、工作,临床常采用支撑喉镜手术治疗。还有部分喉癌患者,将经喉外径路手术改为支撑喉镜下手术,其对术中声门区暴露情况要求更高[10]。术中声门区良好暴露有利于手术顺利进行,若术中视野暴露不佳,将可能会误伤周围其他重要器官,影响患者术后声带恢复。因此,本研究主要目的是通过术前临床相关因素对术中声门区暴露情况进行预测,以期为手术顺利进行提供帮助。

麻醉科医师最早对术中声门区暴露程度进行分级,主要依据标准为Mallampati分级,在患者全身麻醉前用于评估气管插管风险。麻醉科医师在声门区暴露后联合的情况下,即可完成麻醉插管,且随着显微技术在气管插管中的成熟应用,气管内插管在声门区暴露不佳的情况下也可顺利完成[11]。而支撑喉镜下行喉部手术对声门区暴露程度要求较严,仅暴露后联合将增加手术难度,因此麻醉科医师对声门区暴露分级情况并不完全适用于支撑喉镜下手术,仅起一定指导作用。相关研究发现[12,13],声门区暴露不佳患者,支撑喉镜术中长久挤压舌体可导致舌背麻木,若支撑架调节不当,极易出现上切牙松动、断裂现象,严重者脱落,提示评价声门区暴露情况对提高手术质量至关重要。

目前,已有许多研究针对支撑喉镜下声门区暴露困难影响因素进行分析。黎景佳等[14]研究报道,声门区暴露困难患者与性别、BMI、改良Mal-lampati分级均无关,本研究单因素分析结果与其一致;但该研究结果发现声门区暴露困难与颈围无关,与本研究结果不同,考虑可能与所选样本肥胖者较多有关。关于头颈部解剖相关指标,本研究主要测量SMD、TMA、张口度、颈部屈伸度、HMD、TMD、VTMD、HTMD的数值,结果发现SMD与术中声门区暴露困难无关,TMA、张口度、颈部屈伸度、HMD、TMD、VTMD、HTMD均与术中声门区暴露困难有关,与金晓锋等[15]研究结果基本一致,提示测量头颈部解剖相关指标有利于评估术中声门暴露困难情况。此外,除本身影响因素外,术中声门暴露困难程度还可能与支撑喉镜形状、大小及全麻下肌肉松弛程度有关,因此本文所有受试者均采用同一型号、同一麻醉方案进行研究,以尽可能避免其对研究结果的影响。

支撑喉镜手术与声门暴露相关的重要骨性结构为上下颌骨及甲状软骨,因此TMA、TMD在评估声门暴露程度上具有重要意义。金晓锋等[15]研究发现,TMA≤130°被预测为声门区暴露困难,预测灵敏度为85.7%,特异度为66.5%。秦海燕[16]研究报道,颈部自然位下的TMD、SMD与声门暴露困难有关,且TMD是声门暴露困难的独立危险因素。此外,Türkay M等[17]研究发现,颈部屈伸度<90°患者术中声门区暴露较困难,提示测量颈部屈伸度对评估声门暴露情况具有较高价值。本研究logistics多因素分析结果发现,TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD均是影响术中声门区暴露困难的独立危险因素,与金晓锋等[15]、秦海燕[16]、Türkay M等[17]研究结果类似,提示TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD值越小,患者术中越容易出现声门区暴露困难。

综上所述,影响支撑喉镜下声门暴露程度因素较多,尤其TMA、颈部屈伸度与TMD值对预测声门区暴露情况具有重要意义,在术前制定对应解决措施,以减少术后并发症发生。由于本研究所选样本量有限,有些影响因素未纳入,下一步应增加样本量继续研究。

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Logistic Analysis of Influencing Factors of Glottic Exposure Difficulty in Support Laryngoscope

CHENG Jing-wei,YE Yuan-hang,WU Wei-jun,ZENG Yan-ling
Department of Otolaryngology,Meizhou People's Hospital,Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen Uni-versity,Meizhou,Guangdong 514031,China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the influencing factors of glottic exposure difficulty in support la-ryngoscope.Methods 210 patients who underwent laryngeal surgery under support laryngoscope from November 2016 to November 2018 were selected as subjects,and were divided into non-glottic exposure difficulty group(113 cases)and glottic exposure difficulty group(97 cases).The data of sex,age,body mass index(BMI),neck circumference,improved Mallampati classification,mandibular thyroid carti-lage angle(TMA),mouth opening,neck flexion and extension,tongue-chin distance(HMD),chest-chin distance(SMD),nail-chin distance(TMD),vertical nail-chin distance(VTMD),horizontal nail-chin distance(HTMD)of patients were collected before operation,Logistic regression was used to ana-lyze the influencing factors of glottic exposure difficulty.Results In univariate analysis,gender(χ2=0.485,P>0.05),modified Mallampati classification(χ2=2.751,P>0.05),age(t=1.723,P>0.05),BMI(t=1.508,P>0.05)and SMD(t=1.926,P>0.05)were not associated with intraoperative glottic ex-posure difficulty(P>0.05),cervical circumference(t=4.172,P<0.001),TMA(t=8.444,P<0.001),mouth opening(t=2.635,P=0.009),neck flexion and extension(t=4.261,P<0.001),HMD(t=2.471,P=0.014),TMD(t=8.488,P<0.001),VTMD(t=4.683,P<0.001)and HTMD(t=2.724,P=0.007)were all associated with intraoperative difficulty in glottic exposure(P<0.05).Logistic multivariate analy-sis showed that TMA(OR=6.393,95%CI=2.158-18.941,P<0.001),neck flexion and extension(OR=4.243,95%CI=1.754-10.266,P<0.001),and TMD(OR=4.533,95%CI=1.349-15.234,P=0.002)were risk factors for intraoperative glottic exposure difficulty(P<0.05).ROC curve was used to study the diagnostic value of three independent risk indicators(TMA,neck flexion and extension,and TMD),the AUC of TMA,neck flexion and extension and TMD were all>0.7,TMA≤117°,TMD≤6.5cm and neck flexion and extension ≤100.5°were predicted as glottis exposure difficulty,the predicted sensitivity was 88.5%,87.6%and 66.4%,and the specificity was 57.7%,55.7%and 71.1%,respectively.Conclu-sion Preoperative measurement of TMA,neck flexion and extension,and TMD by support laryngo-scope can predict the degree of intraoperative exposure of glottic region to a certain extent,so as to for-mulate the best surgical plan and improve the quality of surgery.

[Key words] support laryngoscope;glottis;related factors;mallampati classification

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2020.01.021

中图分类号:R653

文献标识码:A

基金项目:广东省梅州市医药卫生科研立项课题(2019-B-33)

作者单位:梅州市人民医院耳鼻咽喉一科,广东梅州514031

*通讯作者:叶远航,Email:1996yhh@163.com

Corresponding author:YE Yuan-hang,1996yhh@163.com

(收稿日期:2019-11-15)

关键词: 支撑喉镜, 相关因素, Mallampati分级, 声门

Abstract: [Abstract] Objective To explore the influencing factors of glottic exposure difficulty in support laryngoscope. Methods 210 patients who underwent laryngeal surgery under support laryngoscope from November 2016 to November 2018 were selected as subjects, and were divided into non-glottic exposure difficulty group (113 cases) and glottic exposure difficulty group (97 cases). The data of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, improved Mallampati classification, mandibular thyroid cartilage angle (TMA), mouth opening, neck flexion and extension, tongue-chin distance (HMD), chest-chin distance (SMD), nail-chin distance (TMD), vertical nail-chin distance (VTMD), horizontal nail-chin distance (HTMD) of patients were collected before operation, Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of glottic exposure difficulty. Results In univariate analysis, gender (c2=0.485, P>0.05), modified Mallampati classification (c2=2.751, P>0.05), age (t=1.723, P>0.05), BMI (t=1.508, P>0.05)and SMD (t=1.926, P>0.05) were not associated with intraoperative glottic exposure difficulty (P>0.05), cervical circumference (t=4.172, P<0.001), TMA (t=8.444, P<0.001), mouth opening (t=2.635, P=0.009), neck flexion and extension (t=4.261, P<0.001), HMD (t=2.471, P=0.014), TMD (t=8.488, P<0.001), VTMD (t=4.683, P<0.001) and HTMD (t=2.724, P=0.007) were all associated with intraoperative difficulty in glottic exposure (P<0.05). Logistic multivariate analysis showed that TMA (OR=6.393, 95%CI=2.158-18.941, P<0.001), neck flexion and extension (OR=4.243, 95%CI=1.754-10.266, P<0.001), and TMD (OR=4.533, 95%CI=1.349-15.234, P=0.002) were risk factors for intraoperative glottic exposure difficulty (P<0.05). ROC curve was used to study the diagnostic value of three independent risk indicators (TMA, neck flexion and extension, and TMD),the AUC of TMA, neck flexion and extension and TMD were all >0.7, TMA≤117°, TMD≤6.5cm and neck flexion and extension ≤100.5° were predicted as glottis exposure difficulty, the predicted sensitivity was 88.5%, 87.6% and 66.4%, and the specificity was 57.7%, 55.7% and 71.1%, respectively. Conclusion Preoperative measurement of TMA, neck flexion and extension, and TMD by support laryngoscope can predict the degree of intraoperative exposure of glottic region to a certain extent, so as to formulate the best surgical plan and improve the quality of surgery.

Key words: related factors, glottis, mallampati classification, support laryngoscope

中图分类号: