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岭南现代临床外科 ›› 2017, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (05): 582-586.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2017.05.020

• 论著与临床研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

迷你经皮肾镜与后腹腔镜下治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的疗效比较及文献复习

刘红军 康永胜 冼晓晖 林德进 唐云峰 李华强 梁羽 陈景勉 卜佳强   

  1. 广东省廉江市人民医院
  • 通讯作者: 刘红军

Comparison of efficacy between minimally invasive percutaneous antagradeureteroscopy and retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy in the treatment of impacted proximal ureteral stones

LIU Hongjun,KANG Yongsheng,XIAN Xiaohui,LIN Dejin,TANG Yunfeng,LI Huaqiang,LIANG Yu, CHEN Jinmian,BO Jiaqiang   

  1. Department of Urology,Lianjiang People,s Hospital,Lianjiang,Guangdong 542200,China.
  • Online:2017-10-20 Published:2017-10-20
迷你经皮肾镜与后腹腔镜下治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的疗效比较及文献复习

迷你经皮肾镜与后腹腔镜下治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的疗效比较及文献复习

刘红军 康永胜 冼晓晖 林德进 唐云峰 李华强 梁羽 陈景勉 卜佳强

【摘要】目的 比较迷你经皮肾镜碎石取石术和后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术对输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法 选取我院2013年6月至2016年6月因输尿管上段嵌顿性结石手术患者128例,其中63例行经迷你皮肾镜碎石取石术,65例行经后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术。比较两组患者手术前后情况,包括结石大小、体质指数、手术时间、出血量、术后疼痛评分、术后住院时间,术后随访6个月(有8例术后失访),比较术后结石取净率、并发症发生率及症状缓解率等。结果 120例患者手术皆获得成功,两组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛、术后住院时间及并发症等方面的比较差异有统计学意义,术前结石大小、结石取净率、术后症状缓解率等比较无统计学意义。结论 两种手术方式对输尿管上段嵌顿性结石均取得良好的治疗效果,但后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术在术中出血、术后疼痛、缩短术后住院时间及降低术后并发症的发生方面更有优势。

【关键词】迷你经皮肾镜输尿管取石术;后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术;输尿管上段嵌顿性结石

输尿管上段嵌顿性结石是泌尿外科常见疾病,由于病程较长,其结石下方一般有息肉增生,甚至结石被息肉包裹,如不积极处理,可致腰腹部疼痛、血尿等,疾病发展至后期可导致输尿管上段扩张、积水,继而可致肾积水,积脓,最后导致发病侧肾脏功能的丧失。现对我院2013年6月至2016年6月因输尿管上段嵌顿性结石进行两种手术治疗的128例患者的资料进行分析,现报告如下。

1 资料及方法

1.1 一般资料

入组标准:①结石位于第四腰椎体以上,单发,结石长径不超过2.5 cm。②病程超过6周。③至少经历过一次失败的微创治疗(体外震波碎石或输尿管镜下碎石)。④无合并高血压或糖尿病等内科疾病。术前均经廉江市人民医院医学伦理委员会批准并获患者及其家属知情同意。本组最初患者共128例,入选者皆经体格检查、彩色B超、腹部平片、静脉肾盂造影或逆行造影,CT等检查证实为输尿管上段嵌顿性结石患者,年龄17~78岁,平均32.5岁。采用简单随机数字表将患者分成两组,A组63例行迷你经皮肾镜碎石取石术(mini?PAU),其中25例有过1次体外震波碎石术(ESWL),3例有两次ESWL术史,20例有过1次输尿管镜下碎石史,15例有过一次ESWL术和一次输尿管镜下碎石术。B组65例行镜后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术(RLU),其中30例有过1次ESWL术史,22例有过1次输尿管镜下碎石史,10例有过1次ESWL术和1次输尿管镜下碎石史,3例有过2次ESWL术史。两组患者年龄、结石大小、体质指数等指标上差异无统计学意义。

1.2 手术方法

术前常规禁饮禁食,采用全身麻醉。A组采用迷你经皮肾镜碎石取石术:麻醉成功后,先取截石位,经尿道膀胱镜下于病变侧输尿管内逆行留置5Fr输尿管导管直至结石下方,留置尿管并固定输尿管导管,再改成俯卧位,常规碘伏消毒后,B超引导下18 G穿刺针刺入肾上盏后,斑马导丝置入穿刺鞘,顺序扩张至18 Fr后,入镜见到结石后以气压弹道碎石并冲出碎石后留置6Fr双J管,退镜后留置16Fr肾造瘘管固定并缝合穿刺造瘘口。B组行经后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术:麻醉成功后,取健侧卧位,抬高腰桥,从髂棘上方3 cm处切开2 cm切口,以中弯血管钳分开腰部肌肉进入后腹腔,以手套中指指套套扎于橡胶导尿管上的自制扩张器进入后腹腔,缓慢注入生理盐水500~700 mL扩张后腹腔镜手术野。抽尽盐水后取出扩张器,置入30度腹腔镜摄像头,充入CO2建立气腹,设定气腹压力为14 mmHg左右,在腹腔镜直视下建立另外两个操作通道,分别位于患侧腋后线12肋下及腋前线肋缘下,清除腹膜外脂肪后打开肾周筋膜,于腰大肌前方,肾下极附近找到输尿管,沿输尿管走行找到膨大处,以无损伤抓钳试夹结石处输尿管,证实为结石后,于结石上2/3部处纵向切开输尿管后,取出结石,留置6F双J管,4?0肠线间断缝合输尿管切口,取出结石后安放肾周引流管,缝合切口。

1.3 统计学方法

结果数据均采用x±s表示,组间计量资料比较采用成组设计的t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,两种检验方式均以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

术后A组有3例失访,B组有5例失访,故两组有效人数均为60例。术后1个月拔除双J管,术后第2个月行泌尿系CT复查了解输尿管内有无结石残留。A、B两组结石大小分别为19.6±1.4 mm、19.8±1.9 mm;体质指数分别为(23.6±2.4)Kg/m2、(22.8±2.2)Kg/m2;症状缓解率分别为 85.5%、84.6%;两组结石取尽率均为100%;以上指标两组差异无统计学意义。A、B两组的手术时间分别为84.1±44.6 min、102.1±45.5 min;术后第一天的血红蛋白下降分别为16±11 g/L、5±3 g/L;术后24小时视觉疼痛评分分别为48分,15分;术后住院时间分别为(6.5±1.5)天、(3.5±0.5)天;术后并发症分别为5例(8.3%)、2例(3.3%),以上指标两组比较差异有统计学意义,具体见表1和表2。

3 讨 论

大的输尿管嵌顿性结石的定义为:位于肾盂输尿管连接部和第四腰椎体下缘之间,且固定于同一位置的时间至少六周以上者。而且,它一般合并同侧肾积水,在静脉肾盂造影中阻止显影剂流到结石下方[1?4],输尿管嵌顿性结石下方往往合并多发息肉形成,导致输尿管镜难以到达结石处碎石,同时结石上方输尿管扩张迂曲,以致双J管难以成功留置到肾盂内;息肉包裹结石导致ESWL术失败,即使击碎结石亦难以排出。并且,在手术过程中导丝或输尿管导管亦很难从结石下方越过到达结石以上的输尿管腔或肾盂内。本组所选病例皆至少经历过一次失败的微创治疗,选择何种方式治疗这种难治性输尿管上段嵌顿性结石目前仍有争议。彻底清除结石以解除梗阻,清除感染,防止结石进一步增大,并保护肾功能,是治疗的基本目标[3,4],治疗输尿管上段结石的方法有:体外震波碎石术,经皮肾镜碎石术,输尿管镜下碎石取石术,较少见的腹腔镜下和开放手术取石术[3],每种方法都有其局限性。目前许多文献报道表明各种方法其成功率也各不相同[5,6]

表1 两组患者结石大小、手术时间、出血量和住院日的比较

注:A表示迷你经皮肾镜手术组;B表示经后腹腔镜手术组

表2 两组患者症状缓解、结石取净率、术后并发症和视觉疼痛评分的比较

A组:迷你经皮肾镜手术组B组:经后腹腔镜手术组

虽然传统的开放手术治疗输尿管上段结石可望达到中位数为97%的结石清除率,但因其有术后较长的住院时间和术后较高的结石复发率,而不推荐作为一线治疗方法[3,7?9]。在当今内镜时代,大多数的输尿管结石以输尿管镜或体外震波碎石术治疗,尽管创伤很小但实际上,据报道体外震波碎石术的净石率介于 45%至60%之间[1,3],众所周知,嵌顿性结石对体外震波碎石反应不敏感。根据空间扩张原理:被输尿管粘膜包裹的结石没有空间膨胀的特性,所以结石对体外震波反应寥寥[3],这也是近期内镜治疗法作为输尿管内慢性嵌顿性结石的一线疗法的原因所在[2?4]

至于输尿管镜下碎石术,有些男性病人,输尿管镜进镜困难,再就是嵌顿性结石常合并输尿管壁水肿,息肉和狭窄亦导致手术成功率下降[10]。而且大的结石在输尿管内粉碎后,需要在输尿管腔内重复操作多次才能取出,这也增加了输尿管壁损伤的风险。另外,碎石时有结石冲入肾内的风险,虽然有多种技术和设备可防止结石上移入肾内,但是也相应增加了手术费用和风险,而且输尿管镜碎石术的成功也和手术者处理局部感染等潜在问题的能力有关[11]。Wickham于1979年第一次实施了经后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术[12]。Raboy等[13]则于1992年首次实施经腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术。在多项研究中表明经腹腔镜手术治疗输尿管镜结石的成功率超过95%[13,14]。根据欧洲泌尿联合协会关于输尿管结石治疗的指南:经历过微创手术失败后,大的嵌顿性输尿管结石,因并发症处理的不同手术要求和技术差异被认为是施行腹腔镜手术的指征,考虑推荐其行腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术[15]

Ko等[16]比较了腹腔镜和输尿管镜初次治疗输尿管上段大的嵌顿性结石;发现第一次治疗后的清除率,腹腔镜组明显高于输尿管组(93%VS.68%)。Neto[17]比较了腹腔镜、体外震波碎石术(SWL)和输尿管硬镜治疗输尿管结石,报道其成功率分别为93%,35%和62%,他们还报道了腹腔镜治疗组需要更少的后续治疗。Ozturk等[18]报道了腹腔镜、SWL和输尿管软镜治疗大的输尿管嵌顿性结石方面的成功率分别为81%、79%、79%,这些结果证明腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石具有较高的成功率、较低的额外治疗率,从而将腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术推荐为治疗大的输尿管结石的首选方式,尤其在内镜技术很昂贵的发展中国家更是如此[19,20]

欧洲泌尿协会推荐选择适当大小的穿刺鞘的PCNL术作为治疗儿童肾盂或直径大于20 mm肾内结石的一线疗法[21],目前,mini?PCNL(使用11?20Fr的穿刺鞘)术不仅用于清除肾下盏小结石,而且也适用于大的嵌顿性输尿管结石和鹿角形结石[22?26]

Vijay Kuman等[27]报道其以经皮肾镜术处理嵌顿性输尿管结石患者,成功率为86%,其输尿管穿孔率为9%。Maheshwari等[28]报道25例经PCNL术处理大于1.5 cm的输尿管上段嵌顿性结石,成功率达100%,且无并发症发生。PCNL术的主要并发症是出血,从2007年开始,修正的Clavien分级系统用于描述传统的PCNL术围手术期的并发症[29],继而于2012年出版了PCNL术并发症的分级和计分标准[30],它将Clavien分级系统中最高级别表示为5级,最低级别为1级,而且也有报道推测很多低级别的并发症并不一定和PCNL术有关,有可能与手术或麻醉过程有关[25],但是,很多研究显示较高级别的并发症会显著延长住院时间[30]。最近报道的系列mini?PCNL术的总体并发症发生率波动于11.9~37%之间,ClavienⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ级并发症发生率分别为2.7~20.8%、1.4~17.3%、0~10.3%、0~0.05%和0~0.02%。相对而言,标准PCNL术的并发症发生率为16.2~60.3%,Clavien Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、和Ⅴ级并发症发生率分别为4~41.2%、4.5~17.6%、0~6.6%、0~2.8%和0~0.5%4,52,当简单结石(平均结石负荷10.18 cm2)和复杂结石(平均结石负荷17.63 cm2)相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、和Ⅴ级并发症发生率对比分别为:17.7%VS.16.6%、4.29%VS.5.58%、3.82%VS.4.06%、0.02%VS.0.07%、0%VS.0.04%4,15,16但是,输血(II级)和动脉栓塞总是发生在复杂性结石患者,可能是复杂性结石需要多通道处理的缘故[25,26]。

相对于PCNL术而言,腹腔镜下输尿管取石术更加微创,其总体并发症发生率只有21%[31],最常见的并发症是延期的尿漏,发生率为12%,我们的病例未见有尿漏发生。另一常见的并发症是输尿管狭窄形成,在不同的系列报道中其发生率为15%~20%[32,33],而在Nouiro等[34]的研究中,其发生率为2.5%。输尿管狭窄的原因也未明确,Keeley等[32]认为2例输尿管狭窄与缝合有关,Nouira等[34]认为术中缝合太紧引起水肿导致输尿管狭窄,他们认为整个过程缝合应着眼于输尿管切口易于愈合,而不是防止漏尿。Mitchison和Bid[35]认为延期的尿漏同时合并后腹膜纤维化可能是导致输尿管狭窄的原因。我们的研究中,PCNL术组有3例,后腹腔镜组有1例术后输尿管狭窄,发生率为1.67%,略低于Nouiro等的2.5%。我们均以输尿管镜钝性扩张治愈。我们两组均无尿漏发生。

我们采用迷你经皮肾镜取石碎石术和经后腹腔镜输尿管切开术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石,这两组患者术后血红蛋白下降分别为1.6±1.1 g/dL、0.5±0.3 g/dL,24 h视觉疼痛评分为48分、15分,术后住院时间分别为6.5±1.5天、3.5±0.5天。A组有5例要输血治疗,B组则无输血病例。以视觉疼痛评分来估计患者的术后疼痛,A组疼痛明显甚于B组。并发症的发生,A组为5例,其中2例术后第3天有出血,行超选择性肾动脉造影证实并行栓塞,3例术后有输尿管狭窄,予以行输尿管镜下扩张治愈;B组为2例,1例为穿刺处出血,术后在麻醉复苏时发现,立即缝合止血,1例有输尿管狭窄,予以输尿管扩张治愈。A组手术时间短于B组,主要原因在于B组手术步骤较复杂,虽然B组可直接取出结石,A组需要将结石击碎,但击碎结石毕竟耗时不多。

经腹腹腔镜取石术的优势在于其提供了更大的手术操作空间、更好的可视性以及更容易识别的解剖标志[36],经后腹腔镜手术的劣势在于其有限的操作空间,但是它不需要扰动肠管,损伤内脏器官的风险也大为降低,另外,它术后引流尿液污染腹腔的风险及术后导致肠梗阻的发生率也更低[37],而且经后腹腔镜术后的康复时间更短[38],加上我们中国泌尿外科医师以前传统开放手术取石大多采用经后腹腔操作,对后腹腔内解剖较为熟悉,所以我们倾向于经后腹腔镜取石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性大结石,也更倾向于采用后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术取代开放手术。

总之,对于难治性嵌顿的输尿管上段结石患者,经后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术相比微创经皮肾取石术的时间稍长,但具有术中出血少、术后住院短,术后疼痛更轻微,术后恢复更快,并发症更少的优势。

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Comparison of efficacy between minimally invasive percutaneous antagradeureteroscopy and ret?roperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy in the treatment of impacted proximal ureteral stones

LIU Hongjun,KANGYongsheng,XIAN Xiaohui,LIN Dejin,TANGYunfeng,LI Huaqiang,LIANGYu,CHEN Jinmian,BO Jiaqiang.
Department of Urology,Lianjiang Peoples Hospital,Lianjiang,Guang?dong 542200,China.

【Abstract】Objective To compare the effects between minimally invasive percutaneous antgra?deureteroscopiy(mini?PAU)and retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy(RLU)for impacted proxi?mal ureteral stones,and review documedx.Methods From June 2013 to June 2016,128 patients with proximal ureteral stone were divided into A group(63 patiens who underwent mini?PAU)and B group(65 patiens who underwent RLU).The stone size,BMI,operative time,blood loss,VAS scores and postoperative hospital stay were analyzed.All the patiens were followed up for six months,eight patients were out of followed up.The stone?free rate,the improvement of symptoms and complications were also analyzed.Results All operations were successful.The analysis about operative time,blood loss,VAS scores(visual analog scale),postoperative hospital stay and complications were statistically significant between the two groups.However,the stone size,the stone?free rate and the improvement of symptoms were not statistically significant.Conclusion Both the two kinds of surgical approaches to proximal ure?teral stones are effective,but in terms of blood loss,VASscores,postoperative hospital stay and compli?cations,retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy can be established as the more effective and reli?able method.

【Key words】minimally invasive percutaneous antgradeureteroscopiy;retroperitoneal laparoscop?ic ureterolithotomy;impacted proximal ureteral stones

中图分类号:R693+.4

文献标识码:A

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009?976X.2017.05.020

作者单位:524400 广东廉江 廉江市人民医院泌尿外科

通讯作者:刘红军,Email:2477145962@qq.com

(收稿日期:2017-05-20)

关键词: 输尿管上段嵌顿性 结石, 后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术, 迷你经皮肾镜输尿管取石术

Key words: minimally invasive percutaneous antgradeureteroscopiy , impacted proximal ureteral stones, retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy

中图分类号: